Connective Form [하고]
This lesson is about the connective form which is primarily used in two ways:
- 1. To list verbs.
- 2. To link one sentence to the next.
We'll have a look at these functions of the connective form in detail below.
Table of Common Verbs and Their Connective Forms
| Written Form | Plain | Connective |
| Do | 하다 | 하고 |
| Go | 가다 | 가고 |
| Come | 오다 | 오고 |
| Eat | 먹다 | 먹고 |
| Drink | 마시다 | 마시고 |
| Walk | 걷다 | 걷고 |
| Run | 달리다 | 달리고 |
| Stand | 서다 | 서고 |
| Sit | 앉다 | 앉고 |
| Get up | 일어나다 | 일어나고 |
| Sleep | 자다 | 자고 |
| Buy | 사다 | 사고 |
| Sell | 팔다 | 팔고 |
| Grow | 자라다 | 자라고 |
| Throw | 던지다 | 던지고 |
| Borrow | 빌리다 | 빌리고 |
| Lend | 빌려주다 | 빌려주고 |
| Play | 놀다 | 놀고 |
| Write | 쓰다 | 쓰고 |
| Read | 읽다 | 읽고 |
| Listen | 듣다 | 듣고 |
| Live | 살다 | 살고 |
| Die | 죽다 | 죽고 |
Conjugation rule
Take 다 off the plain form of verbs, and then attach 고 to them.
- 하다 → 하고
- 가다 → 가고
The connective form of verbs is used:
- 1. To list verbs.
- 2. To link one sentence to the next.
1. To list verbs.
For example, if I wanted to say "I get up, eat and go.", the verb stems are changed to their connective forms except the last verb which determines the tense of a sentence.
- 일어나다 → 일어나고
- 먹다 → 먹고
- 걷다 → 걷고
- 일어나고 먹고 가다 = get up, eat and go
- 일어나고 먹고 갔다 = got up, ate and went
- 일어나고 먹고 갈 거다 = will get up, eat and go
In each instance, the last verb determines the tense of a sentence.
2. To link one sentence to the next.
The example below shows how three sentences can be linked together using the connective form of verbs.
- 유리는 학교에 가요. (Yuri goes to school)
- 진수는 밖에서 놀아요. (Jinsu plays outside)
- 미나는 책 읽어요. (Mina reads a book)
유리는 학교에 가고, 진수는 밖에서 놀고, 미나는 책 읽어요.
= Yuri goes to school, Jinsu plays outside and Mina reads.
However, the verbs in each sentence can be conjugated into different tenses.
- 유리는 학교에 갔어요. = Yuri went to school
- 진수는 밖에서 놀거에요. = Jinsu will play outside
- 미나는 책 읽어요. = Mina reads (or Mina is reading)
유리는 학교에 갔고, 진수는 밖에서 놀거고, 미나는 책 읽어요.
= Yuri went to school, Jinsu will play outside and Mina is reading.
Example sentences
E.g.
- I heard and spoke = 듣고 말했다
- I studied, revised and taught = 공부하고, 복습하고, 가르쳤다.
- I washed and ate dinner. = 나는 씻고 저녁을 먹었다.
- 이 상점에서는 과일과 채소를 사고 팔아요. = This shop sells and buys fruit and vegetables.
- 친구를 만나고, 같이 놀고, 점심을 먹었어요. = I met my friend, had fun and ate lunch together.
- 비가 오고 눈이 오고 바람이 불고 번개가 쳐요 = It's raining and snowing, the wind is blowing and the lightning strikes.
- 다니엘은 TV를 보고, 수잔은 아침을 만들고 있고, 삼손은 아직 자고 있어요. = Daniel is watching TV, Suzanne is making breakfast and Samson is still in bed.
