Verbs - Descriptive Form II

Verbs - Descriptive Form II

The descriptive form II of verbs takes the meaning of "~ed." (ie. past tense) or is used as a past tense clause involving "who, which, that etc.".

Written Form	Plain	Descriptive II
Positive	달리다	달린
Negative	달리지 않다	달리지 않은

 
The Table of Common Verbs and Their Descriptive Forms II

Written Form	Plain	Descriptive II
Run	달리다	달린
Eat	먹다	먹은
Go	가다	간
Stand	서다	선
Come	오다	온
Sit	앉다	앉은
Buy	사다	산
Sell	팔다	판
Grow	자라다	자란
Throw	던지다	던진
Borrow	빌리다	빌린
Lend	빌려주다	빌려준
Play	놀다	논
Write	쓰다	쓴
Read	읽다	읽은
Listen to	듣다	들은
Live	살다	산
Die	죽다	죽은

 
Verbs can be used in front of nouns to describe them, and form a past tense clause involving "who, which, that" of English. For example, the descriptive form II of 떠나다 is 떠난 and 떠난 기차 means a "train which left". Literally, 떠난 means "left" therefore 떠난 기차 = a left train

● Rules 

First, take 다 off a verb and then, 

1. For verbs with a final consonant, add 은

Eg.

• 먹다 → 먹은 = ate
• 사과 먹은 난쟁이 → a dwarf who ate an apple

• 죽다 → 죽은 = died/dead
• 죽은 병사 → a dead soldier (= a soldier who died)

• 믿다 → 믿지 않은 = disbelieved
  
• 믿지 않은 토마스 → Thomas who disbelieved

• 읽다 → 읽은 = read (past tense)
  
• 읽은 기사 → an article that I read 

2. For verbs without a final consonant and verbs with ㄹ as a final consonant, replace it with ㄴ as a final consonant.

Eg.

• 빌리다 → 빌린 = borrowed
• 빌린 책 → a book which I borrowed (Lit. a borrowed book)

• 쓰다 →쓴 = wrote
• 성루까가 쓴 복음 = the gospel which St. Luke wrote
  

• 멈추다 → 멈춘 = stopped
• 버스가 멈춘 곳 = a place where the bus stopped

Sentences: Negatives

• 기다리다 → 기다리지 않은 = didn't wait
• 주님을 기다리지 않은 하인 → a servant who didn't wait for the Lord

• 먹다 → 먹지않은 = didn't eat
• 음식을 먹지 않은 개 = a dog who didn't eat food

• 포기하다 → 포기하지 않은 = didn't give up
• 끝까지 포기하지 않은 욥 = Job who didn't give up till the end

Verbs - Contiunous

Continuous Form [~고 있다]

In this lesson, we'll learn about the 'continuous' form. It would be similar to the '-ing' form in English.

Informal Written Form	Plain Form	Present Continuous
Positive	하다	하고 있다
Negative	하지 않다 안 하다	하지 않고 있다 안 하고 있다

• 하다 = do
• 하지 않다/안 하다 = not do
• 하고 있다 = is doing
• 하지 않고 있다/안 하고 있다 = is not doing

Note: The bold letters indicate which of the two alternatives in the negative form is more commonly used in the written form, i.e.:

• 하지 않다 is more commonly used than 안 하다 in written Korean.

Informal Written Form	Past	Past Continuous
Positive	했다	하고 있었다
Negative	하지 않았다 안 했다	하지 않고 있었다 안 하고 있었다

• 했다 = did
• 하지 않았다/안 했다 = didn't do
• 하고 있었다 = was doing
• 하지 않고 있었다/안 하고 있었다 = wasn't doing

Conjugation Rules

Take 다 off the plain form of verbs, and then add 고 있(었)다 for their positive form and 지 않고 있(었)다 for their negative form.

E.g.

• 쓰다 → 쓰고 있다 = is writing
• 피터는 편지를 쓰고 있다 = Peter is writing a letter.

• 나눠주다 → 나눠 주고 있다 = is serving/distributing
• 보영은 아이들에게 학교급식을 나눠주고 있다 = Bo-young is serving school meals to children.

• 듣다 → 듣고 있었다 = was listening
• 폴은 팀 켈러의 메세지를 듣고 있었다 = Paul was listening to a Tim Keller's message. 

• 자다 → 자지 않고 있었다 = was not sleeping
• 아기는 자지 않고 있었다 = The baby was not sleeping

• 서다 → 서고 있었다 = was standing
• 영근 근위병은 버킹엄 궁전앞에서 계속 서고 있었다 = The English guardsman was standing continuously in front of the Buckingham Palace.

Spoken Form

Informal Spoken Form	Present Continuous	Past Continuous
Positive	하고 있어	하고 있었어
Negative	하지 않고 있어 안 하고 있어	하지 않고 있었어 안 하고 있었어

• 하고 있어 = is doing
• 하지 않고 있어/안 하고 있어 = is not doing
• 하고 있었어 = was doing
• 하지 않고 있었어/안 하고 있었어 = was not doing

The conjugation rule is the same as the written form except 다 at the end of sentences changes to 어.

• 점심 먹고 있어 = I am eating lunch
  
• 줄리아는 안 달리고 있어 = Julia is not running

• 현우는 산을 올라가고 있어 = Hyun-woo is climbing a mountain.
• 민주는 과일 샐러드와 연어 조림을 만들고 있어 = Min-ju is making a fruit salad and fried salmon. 

• 아까부터 고슴도치가 안 움직이고 있었어 = Since a while ago, the hedgehog was not moving.

Polite Form

While the informal form in the examples above is used by people who are of the same age and/or close, or when older people are talking to younger people in informal situations, the polite form is commonly used by younger people addressing older people, and in any formal situations.

Polite Written Form	Present Continuous	Past Continuous
Positive	하고 있습니다	하고 있었습니다
Negative	하지 않고 있습니다 안 하고 있습니다	하지 않고 있었습니다 안 하고 있었습니다

• 하고 있습니다 = is doing
• 하지 않고 있습니다/안 하고 있습니다 = is not doing
• 하고 있었습니다 = was doing
• 하지 않고 있었습니다/안 하고 있었습니다 = was not doing

Polite Spoken Form	Present Continuous	Past Continuous
Positive	하고 있어요	하고 있었어요
Negative	하지 않고 있어요 안 하고 있어요	하지 않고 있었어요 안 하고 있었어요

• 하고 있어요 = is doing
• 하지 않고 있어요/안 하고 있어요 = is not doing
• 하고 있었어요 = was doing
• 하지 않고 있었어요/안 하고 있었어요 = was not doing

Conjugation rules

I) Informal → Polite (Written) 

 Simply 다 at the end of the informal written 'continuous' forms changes to 습니다 

• 하고 있다 → 하고 있습니다 = is doing
• 가고 있다 → 가고 있습니다 = is going
• 오고 있다 → 오고 있습니다 = is coming
• 걷고 있다 → 걷고 있습니다 = is walking
• 만들고 있다 → 만들고 있습니다 = is making

II) Informal → Polite (Spoken)

Simply add 요 at the end of the sentences of the informal 'continuous' spoken form.

• 지혜는 학교 가고 있어요 = Ji-hye is going to school
• 영수는 수영 하고 있어요 = Young-su is swimming

• 철민이는 영화 보고 있었어요 = Chul-min was watching a movie.
• 정수는 조금 전까지 거실에 있었어요 = Jung-su was in the living room until a short while ago.

• 10분전쯤까지 버킹엄 궁전 앞에 아무도 안 서고 있었어요 = Until about 10 minutes ago, there was no one standing in front of the Buckingham Palace.

     

Verbs - Descriptive Form I

Verbs - Descriptive Form I

The descriptive form I of verbs takes the meaning of "~ing." (ie. Continuous), or is used as a present tense clause involving "which, that, who etc.".

Written Form	Plain	Descriptive I
Positive	달리다	달리는
Negative	달리지 않다	달리지 않는

The Table of Common Verbs and Their Descriptive Forms I

Written Form	Plain	Descriptive I
Run	달리다	달리는
Eat	먹다	먹는
Go	가다	가는
Stand	서다	서는
Come	오다	오는
Sit	앉다	앉는
Buy	사다	사는
Sell	팔다	파는
Grow	자라다	자라는
Throw	던지다	던지는
Borrow	빌리다	빌리는
Lend	빌려주다	빌려주는
Play	놀다	노는
Write	쓰다	쓰는
Read	읽다	읽는
Listen to	듣다	듣는
Live	살다	사는
Die	죽다	죽는

These descriptive forms I are used in front of nouns to describe them, and form a present tense clause involving "who, which, that" of English. For example, the descriptive form I of 가다 is 가는 and 가는 기차 means a "train which goes". Literally, 가는 means "going" therefore 가는 기차 = a going train.

● Rules 

First, take 다 off a verb and then, 

1. add 는

Eg.

• 먹다 → 먹는 = eating
• 사과 먹는 난쟁이 → a dwarf who eats an apple (= Lit. an apple-eating dwarf)
  

• 잠자다 → 잠자는 = sleeping
• 잠자는 공주 → a princess who sleeps (= Lit. A sleeping princess)

• 죽다 → 죽는 = dying
  
• 죽는 병사 → a soldier who is dying (= Lit. a dying soldier)
  

• 믿다 → 믿지 않는 = not believing/unbelieving
• 믿지 않는 토마스 → Thomas who does not believe (= Lit. unbelieving Thomas)
  

2. Take ㄹ off a verb with a final consonant, ㄹ and add 는.

Eg.

• 팔다 → 파는 = selling
  
• 골동품 파는 가게 → A shop which sells antiques (= Lit. An antique-selling shop)
  

• 살다 → 사는
• 사는 곳 → A place where I'm living (= Lit. A living place)

More examples

• 사막에서 자라는 선인장 = A cactus which grows in the desert (= Lit. A desert-growing cactus)
  
• 내가 읽는 책은 다 유익하다. = All the books that I read are informative.

Adjectives - Connective Form

This lesson is about the connective form of adjectives. This form is used to list several adjectives in a sequence, and to connect one sentence to another.

The conjugation rule for the connective form is easy.

• Take 다 off adjectives and then attach 고 to them.

Written Form	Present	Connective
High	높다	높고
Low	낮다	낮고
Big	크다	크고
Small (size)	작다	작고
Spacious	넓다	넓고
Cramped	좁다	좁고
Many	많다	많고
Small (quantity)	적다	적고
Kind	착하다	착하고
Fast	빠르다	빠르고
Slow	느리다	느리고
Outgoing	활달하다	활달하고
Quiet	조용하다	조용하고
Easy	쉽다	쉽고
Difficult	어렵다	어렵고
Interesting	재미있다	재미있고
Boring	지루하다	지루하고
Hot (tangible)	뜨겁다	뜨겁고
Cold (tangible)	차갑다	차갑고
Warm	따뜻하다	따뜻하고
Cool	시원하다	시원하고
Wonderful	굉장하다	굉장하고
Beautiful	아름답다	아름답고
Patient	인내심 있다	인내심 있고
Humorous	웃기다	웃기고
Calm	침착하다	침착하고
Humble	겸손하다	겸손하고
Lovely	사랑스럽다	사랑스럽고

The connective form of adjectives is used in two situations: 

• To list adjectives in a sequence 
• To connect one sentence to another

1. To list adjectives in a sequence

If I was to say 'kind, beautiful and humble' in Korean, the adjectives must be changed to their connective forms except the last adjective of a sentence which determines its tense.

E.g.

• 착하다 → 착하고 = kind
  
• 아름답다 → 아름답고 = beautiful
• 겸손하다 = humble

• 착하고 아름답고 겸손하다 → kind, beautiful and humble
  
• 착하고 아름답고 겸손했다 → was kind, beautiful and humble

Alternatively,

• 아름답고 겸손하고 착했다 → was beautiful, humble and kind
• 겸손하고 착하고 아름다웠다 → was humble, kind and beautiful

As you can see, the last adjective determines the tense of a sentence.


2. To connect one sentence to another.

The connective form of adjectives is also used to connect sentences.

• 유리는 착해요 = Yuri is kind
  
• 미나는 아름다워요 = Mina is beautiful
  
• 진수는 겸손해요 = Jinsu is humble

유리는 착하고, 미나는 아름답고, 진수는 겸손해요. 
= Yuri is kind, Mina is beautiful and Jinsu is humble.

• 앤디는 웃겨요 = Andy is humorous/funny
• 프랭클린은 조용해요 = Franklin is quiet
• 제시카는 활달해요 = Jessica is outgoing

앤디는 웃기고, 프랭클린은 조용하고, 제시카는 활달해요
= Andy is humorous/funny, Franklin is quiet, and Jessica is outgoing.

• 음료수는 시원하다 = A soft drink is cool
• 차는 뜨겁다 = Tea is hot
• 포도는 달다 = Grapes are sweet

음료수는 시원하고, 차는 뜨겁고, 포도는 달다.
= A soft drink is cool, tea is hot, and grapes are sweet.

         

Verbs - Future [Will]

We're going to learn how to form a future tense of verbs in this lesson.

Please have a look at the table below.

Informal	will do	won't do
Written Form	할 거다	하지 않을 거다 안 할 거다
Spoken Form	할 거야	하지 않을 거야 안 할 거야

Note: The bold letters indicate which of the two alternatives in the negative form is more commonly used in each of the written and spoken forms, i.e.:

• 하지 않을 거다 is more commonly used than 안 할 거다 in written Korean.
• 안 할 거야 is more commonly used than 하지 않을 거야 in spoken Korean.

Conjugation rules

First of all, take 다 off the plain form of verbs and then:

I) Will

1. For verbs whose final character has no final consonant, attach ㄹ 거다 to them.

E.g.

• 하다 → 할 거다 = will do
• 가다 → 갈 거다 = will go
• 오다 → 올 거다 = will come
• 만나다 → 만날거다 = will meet
• 자라다 → 자랄거다 = will grow

2. For verbs whose final character has a final consonant, attach 을 거다 to them.

E.g.

• 먹다 → 먹을 거다 = will eat
• 앉다 → 앉을 거다 = will sit 
• 읽다 → 읽을 거다 = will read
• 입다 → 입을 거다 = will wear
• 잡다 → 잡을 거다 = will catch

Note: The rule 3 overrides the rule 2.


3. For verbs whose final character has ㄹ as a final consonant, just attach 거다 to them.

E.g.

• 밀다 → 밀거다 = will push
• 날다 → 날거다 = will fly
• 살다 → 살거다 = will live

Irregular form

• 듣다 → 들을 거다 = will listen

II) Won't

Simply attach 지 않을 거다 to verbs.

E.g. 

• 하다 → 하지 않을 거다 = won't do
• 가다 → 가지 않을 거다 = won't go
• 오다 → 오지 않을 거다 = won't come
• 사다 → 사지 않을 거다 = won't buy

• 먹다 → 먹지 않을 거다 = won't eat
• 입다 → 입지 않을 거다 = won't wear
• 앉다 → 앉지 않을 거다 = won't sit
• 밀다 → 밀지 않을 거다 = won't push

Example sentences

• 집에 갈 거야? = Will you go home?
• 사라는 수영 할 거야 = Sarah will swim
• 다윗은 골리앗 이길 거야 = David will beat Goliath
• 난 방에서 기타 칠 거야 = I will play the guitar in my room
• 존은 박물관에 들어갈 거야 = John will enter the museum

집 = home
존 = John
들어가다 = enter
기타 = guitar
치다 = play (the instrument)
사라 = Sarah
수영 = swim
다윗 = David
골리앗 = Goliath


Question Form

Raise the tone of your voice at the last syllable to turn it into a question form.

• 축구 할 거야? = Will you do(play) soccer?
• 벌써 갈 거야? = Will you go(leave) already? 
• 씻을 거야? = Will you wash? (Will you take a shower?/Will you take a bath?)
• 올림픽 볼 거야? = Will you watch the Olympics?

• 학교 안 갈 거야? = Won't you go to school?
• 점심 안 먹을 거야? = Won't you have lunch?
• 이 책 안 읽을 거야? = Won't you read this book?

Polite Form

Let's briefly go over the differences between the informal and polite forms again.

While the informal form in the examples above is used by people who are of the same age and/or close, or when older people are talking to younger people in informal situations, the polite form is commonly used by younger people addressing older people, and in any formal situations.

Polite Written Form	Will do	Won't do
	할 겁니다	하지 않을 겁니다 안 할 겁니다

Polite Spoken Form	Will do	Won't do
	할 거예요	하지 않을 거예요 안 할 거예요

Note: The bold letters indicate which of the two alternatives in the negative form is more commonly used in each of the written and spoken forms, i.e.:

• 하지 않을 겁니다 is more commonly used than 안 할 겁니다 in written Korean.
• 안 할 거예요 is more commonly used than 하지 않을 거예요 in spoken Korean.

Conjugations rules

I) Informal → Polite (Written)

Simply change 거다 to 겁니다.
 
E.g.

• 할 거다 → 할 겁니다 = will do
• 갈 거다 → 갈 겁니다 = will go
  
• 먹을 거다 → 먹을 겁니다 = will eat

• 마시지 않을 거다 → 마시지 않을 겁니다 = won't drink
• 달리지 않을 거다 → 달리지 않을 겁니다 = won't run

II) Informal → Polite (Spoken)

Simply change 야 to 예요.

E.g.

• 할 거야 → 할 거예요 = will do 
• 올 거야 → 올 거예요 = will come
• 들어갈 거야 → 들어갈 거예요 = will enter (go in)

• 안 볼 거야 → 안 볼 거예요 = won't see/watch
• 안 달릴 거야 → 안 달릴 거예요 = won't run

Example sentences
 

• 집에 갈 거예요? = Will you go home?
• 사라는 수영 할 거예요. = Sarah will swim.
• 다윗은 골리앗 이길 거예요. = David will beat Goliath.
• 존은 박물관에 들어갈 거예요. = John will enter the museum. 
• 저는 거실에서 기타 칠 거예요. = I will play the guitar in the living room.

• 씻을 거예요? = Will you wash? (Will you take a shower?/Will you take a bath?)
• 벌써 갈 거예요? = Will you go(leave) already? 
• 축구 할 거예요? = Will you do(play) soccer?
• 월드컵 볼 거예요? = Will you watch the World Cup? 

• 학교 안 갈 거예요? = Won't you go to school?
• 점심 안 먹을 거예요? = Won't you have lunch?
• 이 책 안 읽을 거예요? = Won't you read this book?

Verbs - Can

Can do [할 수 있다]

In this lesson, we'll learn about how to conjugate verbs to form 'can' and 'cannot'.

Informal	Can do	Could do
Written	할 수 있다	할 수 있었다
Spoken	할 수 있어	할 수 있었어

Informal	Can't do	Couldn't do
Written	할 수 없다 못 한다	할 수 없었다 못 했다
Spoken	할 수 없어 못 해	할 수 없었어 못 했어

Note: 할 수 없다 and 할 수 없었다 is more commnly used than 못 한다 and 못 했다 in written Korean. Similarly, 못 해 and 못 했어 is more commonly used than 할 수 없어 and 할 수 없었어 in spoken Korean. 

Conjugation rules 

<Written Form>

First of all, take 다 off the plain form of verbs. 

1.  For verbs whose last character has no final consonant, attach ㄹ 수 있다 to them, and for verbs whose last character has ㄹ as a final consonant, attach 수 있다 to them.

E.g. 

• 하다 → 할 수 있다 = can do
• 가다 → 갈 수 있다 = can go
• 보다 → 볼 수 있다 = can see
• 자다 → 잘 수 있다 = can sleep
• 마시다 → 마실 수 있다 = can drink
• 달리다 → 달릴 수 있다 = can run

• 놀다 → 놀 수 있다 = can play
• 살다 → 살 수 있다 = can live
• 날다 → 날 수 있다 = can fly

Informal Spoken Form

Repalce 다 with 어.

• 하다 → 할 수 있어 = can do
• 가다 → 갈 수 있어 = can go
• 보다 → 볼 수 있어 = can see
• 자다 → 잘 수 있어 = can sleep
• 마시다 → 마실 수 있어 = can drink
• 달리다 → 달릴 수 있어 = can run

• 놀다 → 놀 수 있어 = can play
• 살다 → 살 수 있어 = can live
• 날다 → 날 수 있어 = can fly

2. For verbs whose last character has a final consonant, attach 을 수 있다 to them. 

E.g.

• 먹다 → 먹을 수 있다 = can eat
• 입다 → 입을 수 있다 = can wear
• 앉다 → 앉을 수 있다 = can sit
• 잡다 → 잡을 수 있다 = can catch

Irregular forms

• 듣다 → 들을 수 있다 (can hear)
• 걷다 → 걸을 수 있다 (can walk) 

<Spoken Form>

Add 못 in front of the spoken form of positive verbs to express 'can't do' and 'couldn't do.'

E.g.

• 해 → 못 해 = can't do
• 와 → 못 와 = can't come
• 봐 → 못 봐 = can't see
• 가 → 못 가 = can't go

• 들어 → 못 들어 = can't hear
• 먹어 → 못 먹어 = can't eat
• 갔어 → 못 갔어 = couldn't go

• 들었어 → 못 들었어 = couldn't hear
• 먹었어 → 못 먹었어 = couldn't eat

Example Sentences

• 치타는 빨리 달릴 수 있다 = A cheetah can run fast.
• 종달새는 하늘을 날 수 있다 = A lark can fly in the sky.
• 솔로몬은 어려운 수수께끼를 풀 수 있다 = Solomon can solve a difficult riddle. 
• 애완동물은 박물관에 들어갈 수 없다. = A pet cannot enter the museum.

 

• 기타 칠 수 있어 = I can play the guitar.
• 존은 해물은 못 먹어 = John can't eat seafood.
• 사라는 아파서 학교에 못 갔어 = Because Sarah was sick, she couldn't go to school.

치타 = cheetah
빨리 = fast, quickly
종달새 = lark
날다 = fly
솔로몬 = Solomon
어려운 = difficult
수수께끼 = riddle
풀다 = solve
애완동물 = a pet
박물관 = museum
들어가다 = enter
기타 = guitar
치다 = play (the instrument)
존 = John
해물 = seafood
사라 = Sarah
아프다 = sick

Polite Form 

While the informal form in the examples above is used by people who are of the same age and/or close, or when older people are talking to younger people in informal situations, the polite form is commonly used by younger people addressing older people, and in any formal situations.

Formal	Can do	Could do
Written	할 수 있습니다	할 수 있었습니다
Spoken	할 수 있어요	할 수 있었어요

Formal	Can't do	Couldn't do
Written	할 수 없습니다 못 합니다	할 수 없었습니다 못 했습니다
Spoken	할 수 없어요 못 해요	할 수 없었어요 못 했어요

Note: The ones in bold characters are more commonly used alternative of the two in each box.

Conjugation rules 

1. Informal → Polite (Written) 

Replace 다 with 습니다.

• 할 수 있다 → 할 수 있습니다 = can do
• 갈 수 있다 → 갈 수 있습니다 = can go
• 말할 수 있다 → 말할 수 있습니다 = can speak

• 올 수 있었다 → 올 수 있었습니다 = could come
• 일어설 수 있었다 → 일어설 수 있었습니다 = could stand

2. Informal → Polite (Spoken)

Attach 요 at the end of sentences.

• 할 수 있어 → 할 수 있어요 = can do
• 갈 수 있어 → 갈 수 있어요 = can go
• 줄 수 있어 → 줄 수 있어요 = can give

• 받을 수 있었어 → 받을 수 있었어요 = could receive
• 올라갈 수 있었어 → 올라갈 수 있었어요 = could go up

Example Sentences

• 치타는 빨리 달릴 수 있습니다 = A cheetah can run fast.
• 종달새는 하늘을 날 수 있습니다 = A lark can fly in the sky.
• 솔로몬은 어려운 수수께끼를 풀 수 있습니다 = Solomon can solve a difficult riddle. 
• 애완동물은 박물관에 들어갈 수 없습니다. = A pet cannot enter the museum.

• 기타 칠 수 있어요 = I can play the guitar.
• 존은 해물은 못 먹어요 = John can't eat seafood.
• 사라는 아파서 학교에 못 갔어요 = Because Sarah was sick, she couldn't go to school.

Particles - 에서, 까지 [From, to; at/in]

에서, 까지 [From, to]

에서 and 까지 are used after places/times just like "from" and "to" in English.

Example sentences

• 집에서 학교까지 = From home to school
• 1시에서 2시까지 = From 1pm to 2pm
• 영국에서 왔어 = I came from England
• 산 정상까지 올라갔다 = I climbed up to the summit of the mountain.
• 저녁까지 돌아와 = Come back by evening

영국 = England
산 정상 = mountain summit
저녁 = evening


에서 [At/in]

에서 is used after places to mean that something is happening at a particular place.

Example sentences

• 학교에서 미식축구를 했다. = At school, we played American football.
• 일식집에서 초밥을 먹었다 = At a Japanese restaurant, I ate sushi.
• 공원에서 배드민턴을 쳤다 = In a park, we played badminton.
• 방에서 공부를 했다 = In my room, I studied.
• 화장실에서 샤워를 했다 = In the bathroom, I had a shower.

미식축구 = American football
일식집 = Japanese restaurant
초밥 = sushi
공원 = park
배드민턴 = badminton
방 = room
공부 = study (noun)
공부를 했다 = studied
화장실 = bathroom/toilet
샤워 = shower
샤워를 했다 = had a shower (Lit. did a shower)

Note: In spoken Korean, 를/을 is usually omitted.

For example:
공부를 했다 → 공부 했어 (I studied)
샤워를 했다 → 샤워 했어 ( I had a shower)
저녁을 먹었다 → 저녁 먹었어 (I had dinner)

Verbs - Have

Have (있다) / Don't have (없다)

This lesson covers how the verb, 'have', is used. It can be expressed in two ways:

• 있다 = there is/are (Lit. is present)
• 가지고 있다 = have, possess

• 없다 = there isn't/aren't (Lit. is not present)
• 가지고 있지 않다 = do not have/possess

Informal Written Form	Have	Don't have
	있다	없다
	가지고 있다	가지고 있지 않다 안 가지고 있다

Informal Spoken Form	Have	Don't have
	있어	없어
	가지고 있어	가지고 있지 않아 안 가지고 있어

Note: The words in bold letters are the more commonly used of the two alternatives in each of the Written and Spoken forms.

Have (있다)

있다 means 'there is/are', for example:

• 정원에 강아지가 있다 = There is a puppy in the garden.
• 책상 위에 개미가 있다 = There's an ant on the desk.

However, 있다 can also mean 'have'. It is used more frequently than the alternative, '가지고 있다', which is more cumbersome to pronounce.

• Written form → 있다, 가지고 있다

• Spoken form → 있어, 가지고 있어

Example Sentences

Written Form

• 책이 있다. = I have a book. (Lit. There is a book)
• 시계가 있다. = I have a watch.
• 핸드폰이 있다. = I have a mobile phone.

• 책을 가지고 있다. = I have a book.
• 핸드폰을 가지고 있다. = I have a mobile phone.

Spoken Form

• 책(이) 있어.
• 핸드폰(이) 있어.
• 시계(가) 있어.

• 책(을) 가지고 있어.
• 핸드폰(을) 가지고 있어.

Note: 1. Use 이/가 with "있다" and 을/를 with "가지고 있다".
          2. The particles are usually omitted in spoken Korean.


When you say, 'I have a brother or sister', 가지고 있다 CANNOT be used because it implies ownership. Only 있다 can be used in relation to people. 

For example,

Written Form

• 남동생이 있다. = I have a younger brother.
• 여동생이 있다. = I have a younger sister.

Spoken Form

• 형(이) 있어. = I have an older brother.
• 누나(가) 있어. = I have an older sister.
• 남동생(이) 있어. = I have a younger brother.
• 여동생(이) 있어. = I have a younger sister.

Don't have (없다)

없다 literally means 'there isn't/aren't'. However, it can also mean 'don't have'

For example,

Written Form

• 없다 = don't have (Lit. there isn't/aren't)

• 가지고 있지 않다/안 가지고 있다 = don't have (Lit. don't own/possess)

Spoken Form

• 없어 = don't have (Lit. there isn't/aren't)

• 가지고 있지 않아/안 가지고 있어 = don't have (Lit. don't own/possess)

Note: For the negatives, the words in bold letters are the more commonly used of the two alternatives in each of the Written and Spoken forms.


Example Sentences

Written Form

• 책이 없다. = I don't have a book.
• 시계가 없다. = I don't have a watch.
• 핸드폰이 없다. = I don't have a mobile phone.

• 책을 가지고 있지 않다. = I don't have/own a book.
• 핸드폰을 가지고 있지 않다. = I don't have/own a mobile phone.

Spoken Form

• 책(이) 없어.
• 시계(가) 없어. 
• 핸드폰(이) 없어.

• 책(을) 안 가지고 있어.
• 핸드폰(을) 안 가지고 있어. 
  

Question Form

In spoken Korean, in order to change a sentence into a question, you simply need to raise your tone at the last letter.

To see how it's done, it'd be probably best to watch a native Korean do it for you. However, as I figure most of you would not have that kind of luxury, having a native speaker do it for you whenever you want, I encourage you to listen to the Korean audios or recordings online or watch Korean dramas or movies and familiarize yourself with the intonation of questions. For excellent free audio and video resources, please try 'Talk To Me In Korean' (http://www.talktomeinkorean.com/).

• 형(이) 있어? = Do you have an older brother?
• 누나(가) 있어? = Do you have an older sister?
• 남동생(이) 있어? = Do you have a younger brother?
• 여동생(이) 있어? = Do you have a younger sister?

• 책(이) 없어? = Don't you have a book?
• 시계(가) 없어? = Don't you have a watch?
• 핸드폰(이) 없어? = Don't you have a mobile phone?

Polite Form

While the informal form in the examples above is used by people who are of the same age and/or close, or when older people are talking to younger people in informal situations, the polite form is commonly used by younger people addressing older people, and in any formal situations.

Polite Written Form	Have	Don't have
	있습니다	없습니다
	가지고 있습니다	가지고 있지 않습니다 안 가지고 있습니다

Polite Spoken Form	Have	Don't have
	있어요	없어요
	가지고 있어요	가지고 있지 않아요 안 가지고 있어요

I) Informal → Polite (Spoken)

Just add 요 at the end of a sentence.

• 형 있어요? = Do you have an older brother?
• 누나 있어요? = Do you have an older sister?
• 남동생 있어요? = Do you have a younger brother?
• 여동생 있어요? = Do you have a younger sister?

• 책 없어요? = Don't you have a book?
• 시계 없어요? = Don't you have a watch?
• 핸드폰 없어요? = Don't you have a mobile phone?

II) Informal → Polite (Written)

Replace 다 with 습니다.

• 책이 있습니다. = I have a book. 
• 시계가 있습니다. = I have a watch.
• 핸드폰이 있습니다. = I have a mobile phone. 

• 책을 가지고 있지 않다. = I don't have/own a book.
• 핸드폰을 가지고 있지 않다. = I don't have/own a mobile phone.

Conjunctions - If/Once [~면/으면]

~면/으면 is used after a verb and the clause containing ~면 must always come first and its meaning is "if/once I do such and such."

Rules

1. Take 다 off a plain verb and add 면 to it.

• 하다 → 하면 = If/Once (I) do
• 가다 → 가면 = If/Once (you) go
• 던지다 → 던지면 = If/Once (you) throw

2. Take 다 off a verb with a final consonant and add 으면 to it.

• 좋다 → 좋으면 = If/Once (I) like
• 먹다 → 먹으면 = If/Once (you) eat
• 잡다 → 잡으면 = If/Once (I) catch

Eg.

• 학교에 가면 공부 할 수 있다 = If/Once I go to school, I can study.
• 의대에 가면 의사가 될 수 있다 = If/Once you go to med school, you can become a doctor.
• 책을 가져오면 읽어 줄게 = If/Once you bring (me) a book, I will read (it) to you.

학교 = school
할 수 있다 = can do
의대 = med school
의사 = doctor
될 수 있다 = can become
책 = book
가져오다 = bring
읽다 = read

Direction Particle - 으로/로

Particles - 으로/로 

For the video recording of this lesson, please see below. :)

으로 is used for words which have a final consonant, and 로 for words witthat a final consonant. (Exception: 로 is still used for words which have ㄹ as a final consonant.)

e.g. 

• 트럭으로 = by truck
• 핸드폰으로 = by/with a mobile phone

• 컴퓨터로 = by/with a computer
• 차로 = by car

• 연필로 = by/with a pencil

I. 으로/로 is used for tools/methods/transport with which you do something.

Eg.1

• 가위로 종이를 잘랐다 = With scissors, I cut a paper.
• 연필로 그림을 그렸다 = With a pencil, I drew a picture.
  
• 활로 사냥을 했다 = With a bow, I did hunting.

가위 = scissors
종이 = paper
자르다 = cut
잘랐다 = cut (past)
연필 = pencil
그림 = picture
그리다 = draw
그렸다 = drew
활 = bow
사냥 = hunting
하다 = do
했다 = did
사냥을 하다 = do hunting

Eg. 2

• 다윗은 좋은 머리로 골리앗을 이겼다 = With his good brain, David beat Goliath.
• 나는 상상으로 천국을 보았다 = By my imagination, I saw the heaven.
• 갈매기는 큰 부리로 물고기를 잡았다 = With its large beak, the gull caught a fish.
  

다윗 = David
좋은 = good
머리 = head (brain)
골리앗 = Goliath
이기다 = win/beat
상상 = imagination
천국 = heaven
보다 = see
보았다 = saw
갈매기 = a gull
큰 = big, large
부리 = beak
물고기 = fish
잡다 = catch
잡았다 = caught

Eg. 3

• 비행기로 섬에 갔다 = By a plane, I went to an island.
• 차로 학교까지 1시간 걸린다 = By car, it takes an hour to school.
• KTX로 서울에서 부산까지 3시간 걸린다 = By KTX, it takes 3 hours to go from Seoul to Busan.
  

비행기 = plane
섬 = island
가다 = go
갔다 = went
차 = car
학교 = school
시간 = hour
걸리다 = take (time)
걸린다 = take (time)
KTX = Korea Train Express 


II. 으로/로 is used for a destination/place for which you are headed.

• 천국으로 간다 = I am headed for the heaven
• 천국으로 들어가는 문 = a door for entering the heaven
• 나오미는 모압으로 떠났어요 = Naomi left for Moab
• 짐은 집으로 갔다 = Jim went home.

The difference between 으로/로 and 에/게 is that 으로/로 emphasises where one is headed/has gone whereas 에/게 doesn't.

나는 집으로 갔다 = I went home. (I didn't go to any other place.)

Particles - 께/에게/한테

Particles - 께/에게/한테 [Dative Particle]

The dative particle, 에게/한테, is mainly used for someone/something to whom you are giving something. 께 is a honorific form, 에게 is a formal form and 한테 is an informal form.

Eg. 1
아버지께 선물을 드렸다 = To my father, I gave a present.

아버지 = Father
선물 = present
드리다 = give (honorific form)
드렸다 = gave (honorific form)

Eg.2
아빠에게 선물을 드렸다 = To my dad, I gave a present.

아빠 = Dad
선물 = present
드리다 = give (honorific form)
드렸다 = gave (honorific form)

Eg.3
누나한테 물을 주었다. = To older sister, I gave water

누나 = older sister
물 = water
주다 = give
주었다 = gave


(으)로부터/에게서/한테서 is used when you are receiving something from someone. Again, (으)로부터 is an honorific form, 에게서 is formal and 한테서 is informal.

Eg.1

대통령으로부터 상을 받았다 = From the president, I received a prize.


Eg.2

엄마에게서 편지를 받았다 = From mum, I received a letter

엄마 = mum
편지 = letter
받다 = receive
받았다 = received

Eg. 2
형한테서 소식을 들었다 = From older brother, I heard news

형 = older brother
소식 = news
듣다 = hear
들었다 = heard

Additive Particle - 도

도 [Additive Particle]

Please refer to Korean Listening Exercise - Additive Particle 도 for the audio recording of the sentences found in this lesson.

For the video recording of this lesson, please see below. :)

The additive particle, 도, is similar to subject particles 는/은 and 가/이 in that it is used for a subject (or topic). However, 도 adds the meaning of 'too' or 'also' to a subject.

Here are example sentences:

• 나도 학생이다 = I am a student, too
• 그도 친절하다 = He is kind, too

• 이것도 연필이다 = This is a pencil, too
• 하늘도 높다 = The sky is high, too

• 그녀도 공부한다 = She studies, too
• 존도 갔다 = John went, too
• 영수도 먹었다 = Young-su ate, too

As a further explanation, please have a look at the following example:

• 다윗은 왕이었다 = David was a king
• 솔로몬도 왕이었다 = Solomon was a king, too

도 always refers to the subject. For example, 솔로몬도 왕이었다 describes Solomon in terms of the fact that he was a king, too. Not only was David a king but Solomon was also a king.

다윗 = David
왕 = a king
솔로몬 = Solomon

Here is another example,

• 제니는 나갔어 = Jenny went outside
• 유리도 나갔어 = Yuri went outside, too

제니 = Jenny
나가다 = go outside, leave
유리 = Yuri

As you can see, 도 is used when one wants talk about the same quality or description about a different subject.


When we want to talk about additive qualities and/or descriptions about the same subject, 또한 is used.

For example,

• 다윗은 양치기였다 = David was a shepherd.
• 다윗은 또한 왕이었다 = David was also a king.

The two sentences above both describe a certain thing about the same subject, 다윗, and 또한 refers to the rest of the sentence rather than the subject. 또한 왕이었다 describes a fact that David "was also a king." Therefore David was both a shepherd and king.

또한 is used to give an additive quality or description about the same subject.

Here is one more example,

• 제니는 대학생이다 = Jenny is a college (university) student
• 제니는 또한 음악 선생님이다 = Jenny is also a music teacher

Jenny is both a college student and music teacher.

Note: In spoken Korean, 또 is usually used instead of 또한.

• 제니는 대학생이야 = Jenny is a college (university) student
• 제니는 또 음악 선생님이야 = Jenny is also a music teacher

Continue to the next section:

• Object Particle - 를 / 을